HomeMy WebLinkAbout5A Cty Rd 44 Improvements
AGENDA #:
PREPARED BY:
SUBJECT:
DATE:
INTRODUCTION:
BACKGROUND:
STAFF AGENDA REPORT
5A
LARRY ANDERSON, DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC WORKS
CONSIDER IMPROVEMENT PLANS FOR COUNTY ROAD 44
IMPROVEMENTS
SEPTEMBER 6, 1994
The purpose of this Agenda item is for the City Council to review plans for
the improvement of CSAH 44, consider public input, and to determine if
the City Council supports the proposed improvements.
The City Council will meet at City Hall at 6:00 P.M. to review the plans and
drive through the site to see the impact of the project. Prior to the
meeting, Scott County will stake the location of the proposed right-of-way
line and the sidewalk/trail. The Council will return to City Hall and receive
testimony during the regularly scheduled meeting, after a presentation of
the project by Scott County.
On August 3, 1994, a public informational meeting was conducted by the
City and County to receive public input to the proposed improvements.
The County has the project about 50% designed so that the impact on the
properties would be known at the time of the informational meeting. This
is the same process used in other County improvement projects, with the
exception that the design is further along than normal.
The informational meeting was for the property owners from T.H. 13 to
CSAH 27, in attendance were individuals from the City of Prior Lake, City
of Savage and Credit River Township. Many people voiced opposition to
the proposed four lane improvements and sidewalk/trail system.
The purpose of discussing CSAH 44 improvements is to determine if the
City Council supports the project in concept prior to completing final
plans. The notices for the Council meeting did not include the City of
Savage or Credit River Township residents.
The City Council and Scott County have included the CSAH 44 project in
their capital improvement programs, Scott County in 1995 and the City of
Prior Lake in 1996. The reason the City included the project in 1996 was
to level out the impact of the Ad Valorem Tax Levy, with the anticipation
that the funding for the City's portion could be deferred until 1996. The
CIP included $500,000 for the City's share of the cost participation
agreement. The CIP did not include lighting on CSAH 44. If the Council
supports proceeding with this project, the cost to provide pedestrian
lighting should be determined and considered for inclusion by the Council
at a future date.
4629 Dakota St. S.E., Prior Lake, Minnesota 553~~-1714 / Ph. (612) 447-4230 / Fax (612) 447-4245
AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER
. -.." T ... "'-'T"" ". "'TH.... . .....
DISCUSSION:
ISSUES:
The major point of contention at the informational meeting from the
resident's perspective will probably be that the improvements to four lane
are not needed, have a negative impact on properties, and that they do
not want the proposed sidewalk/trail system included as part of the
project.
The area between Franklin Trail and T.H. 13 is very tight, and the
proposed improvements are close to the existing structures. The
projected average daily traffic (ADT) is 19,000 cars per day by 2010, and
a four lane facility is needed to safely carry the projected traffic. This area
has three schools and significant residential development which needs to
accommodate pedestrian traffic. The attached drawing shows the area
between Franklin Trail and T.H. 13, with distances to existing structures.
The improvements to CSAH 44 include:
A four lane roadway 52 feet wide from T.H. 13 to east City limits.
Projected 2010 average daily traffic is 19,000.
A divided median with left turn lanes at the intersection of Fish Point
Road.
A traffic signal at Fish Point Road.
A signal justification report will be done to determine if a signal is
warranted at Franklin Trail, if so a signal will be included.
A sidewalk on the south side of CSAH 44.
A bikeway on the north side of CSAH 44.
Design speed of 40 mph from T.H. 13 to Fish Point Road and 45
mph east of Fish Point Road.
Right of way acquisition will be required.
IS A FOUR LANE FACILITY NEEDED? - The 2010 projected ADT is
19,000 vehicles per day. In order to provide safe access to the
businesses and residents in the area with a projected ADT of 19,000
vehicles per day, a four lane facility is needed. These projections assume
the following:
1} The road will be ultimately improved to CSAH 27 and that CSAH 27
will be improved as part of the Scott County Transportation Plan.
2) The areas in the City of Savage and Credit River Township will
develop.
3} All residential property in the City will develop as currently zoned.
4} Schools in the area will continue to operate at capacity.
5} Fish Point Road will be extended to CSAH 21 as part of the City's
transportation plan.
THE FOUR LANE IMPROVEMENT WILL END AT THE CITY LIMITS.
WHY BUILD FOUR LANE NOW? - The existing segment of roadway is in
poor condition and needs to be rebuilt now. Safety improvements need to
be made at all the intersections along CSAH 44. The four lane undivided
section will enable motorists to make left and right turns safer. The
channelization and signalization of Fish Point Road intersection will
greatly improve safety to the schools and residential development. The
Cardinal Ridge subdivision preliminary plat approved 221 lots, and 111
lots are now available with public infrastructure. The road is considered a
major collector under the City's transportation element of the
Comprehensive Plan. Warrants will be reviewed to determine if a signal
is justified at Franklin Trail. The improvements are needed for this
-2-
T --r--'"~-'-----~'''''--'--'''''
segment of roadway even if the four lane is not immediately extended to
the east.
THE ROADWAY SIDEWALK AND/OR BIKEWAY IS TOO CLOSE TO
THE RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES. - The attached drawing and chart
provides the distance from the proposed location of the sidewalk/trail to
the buildings. It will be difficult to provide screening for properties
between St. Paul Avenue and Franklin Trail, and still provide adequate
sight distance for vehicles leaving driveways.
THE SIDEWALK/BIKEWAY IS NOT NEEDED AND WILL ENCOURAGE
PROPERTIES TO BE LITTERED WITH TRASH. - Two cemeteries exist
on the south side of CSAH 44. The cemetery boards and other property
owners are concerned about litter. A roadway with a projected ADT of
19,000 vehicles per day is not a safe place for pedestrian traffic. The
area where the sidewalk or bike trail is being graded is necessary to place
underground utilities and to provide for sight distance. When vehicles exit
driveways the driver's view cannot be obstructed to determine if
oncoming traffic exists. The sidewalk/trail area provides a clear zone for
this. The schools do not provide transportation for after hour activities.
Two years ago a girl traveling on CSAH 44 on a bicycle was hit. She has
not recovered fully from the accident.
THE EXISTING TRAFFIC EXCEEDS THE CURRENT SPEED LIMIT
AND THE FOUR LANE FACILITY WILL NOT HELP REDUCE SPEEDS. -
The design speed for the area between Fish Point Road and T.H. 13 is 40
mph. Once the improvements are completed, MnDOT will do a speed
study to determine the posted speed limit. The anticipated posting would
be 35 to 40 mph. Traffic enforcement will be needed, as is today, to
reduce speeding.
THE PROPERTY WILL BE DEVALUED AS A RESULT OF THIS
PROJECT. - The right-of-way acquisition needs to be completed. As part
of that process the property owners have the right to be compensated for
any devaluation that occurs as a result of the improvements. The road
has been shown as a collector on the City's Comprehensive Plan since
1981. Residents buying property in this area could have informed
themselves of this fact and the likelihood of road improvement over time.
The roadway will be improved by paving, storm sewer, curb and gutter,
and sidewalk/trail without assessments. The property owners were not
assessed for previous street improvements as CSAH 44 is a county road.
SHOULD PEDESTRIAN LIGHTING BE PROVIDED? - The City Council
authorized a feasibility study for 1995 projects. Included in the feasibility
study was CSAH 44 improvements and pedestrian lighting. Once the
feasibility study is completed, the Council can determine if pedestrian
lighting should be included in the plans.
SHOULD THE CITY COUNCIL SUPPORT THE PROPOSED
IMPROVEMENTS TO CSAH 44 AT THIS TIME? - After receiving public
input, the Council discussion should be on the benefits of the overall
project to the community versus the negative impacts to the immediately
adjacent property owners.
CSAH 44 is a component of the overall transportation system. Each
collector, minor arterial, and principal arterial is an important segment in
completing the transportation system. As growth continues, pressure will
-3-
.. .,..~~_.., -.'-.T.........-r-.' .."...T-""'4....."
ALTERNATIVES:
mount to not improve segments of roadways. By not improving one
segment, built in capacity restraints will transfer the problem to other
areas, including residential streets. The ultimate 2010 Transportation
Plan will create adverse traffic impacts on some of the existing developed
areas. Attached is a copy of the proposed 2010 Daily Traffic Forecasts
from the "DRAFT" City of Prior Lake Transportation Plan. This
improvement is consistent with the Scott County Transportation Plan.
The Council needs to determine what level of support exists for the
proposed improvements. If the Council does not support the
improvement project, completion of the plans is not prudent. If support
exists, the plans will be completed and brought back to the Council for
approval.
The Alternatives are as follows:
1} Approve in concept the improvement of CSAH 44 to a four lane
roadway with a sidewalk and bikeway, and identify what steps the
City and County can take to screen and buffer adjacent properties.
2} Approve the four lane improvement without a sidewalk and/or
bikeway.
3} Table this item with specific direction.
4} Deny the concept of improving CSAH 44 to a four lane facility.
RECOMMENDATION: The recommendation is to approve Alternative #1.
ACTION REQUIRED: Make a motion to s~pport in concept CSAH 44 being improved to a four
lane road.,w~with.(. sidewalk and bikeway.
('~'~ !
~ ,1 ' i'.~
u..
REVIEWt,
AG906.ENG
-4-
..~..~~.,""",........................-........,.."", ...... .~......._..........,----""-_._~.~'~.~_.-
x
x
'0
~
.'
.
~~~
w
/
x
x
.-
:::---
---
o
Z
-'
Q;
..
.c
VI
o
o
~
~
,
1;
~
5
o
I
~
~
!l
1'1
I
61
z
I
I
I
I
I
I
~
t1:
7
U
"
,;
~~
~n~
,,~
oro
~U
'"
~
~
8
~
e
o
o
/-~"
'---
(
--
"
u
r
I
o
'"
a.
1)
<(
~ ~
nT
~g I
'0
~~
~0
..
o
VI
~
o ~.C
..
o.
~~
~.~
~-=CJ
: no 0
:F[J
~l~
~~~o
""~ 0
r-~ "
"" 0
o
~~l5J
,Eft
~. !Igg ... ~ ~ "'~ ~
"'''' '"
l g: ",c ",c ",c g~
o OQ 00 ~3 ~3 o~ 'j~
~g I~" ;t. 1i5 ~a: ,,~ ,,~ M'" ""
I.,UX ac I'! I'!I'! I'! I'! I'!~ e~ I'! I'! ~I'! ee cc
~~ ;; ~~
n :"N ~.. .~ ..- ..., ~.. "N
. ,;.,;. ..~ ':.i~ "" J::~ .." ;eg NO
.::auJ CD. . "" .... .... ~.. ....
~ '" OJl i!! "'~ g~
lit; "'''' :u ~~ gc :~I
"0 ~ " ,,~ ~~ a ~~
>- ~s ~" -'it it~iI;1
0:::: ...~ ss ~ ee ss s::ee ee ~I'! ee ge
u;i
<[ ~~ .~ .. ." O~ """,,-. ".. "~ ~"
N- ~ .. .N ClIII"'lD ':!:8 N_ -.. ~"
2: ~~ "" NN "" nloDN" ." ... N.
-, - I- i:: ...
2: ~ ...
=::) ::: ::: ~ ::; ... ...
~ ... > ... ... ::: ... ~
~ ... ... ~ ~ c ~ ~
(/) ... > > ~ ~
.. ~ c c ~ ~ ::; ~ ~ ~
0 .. ! i ~ ~ "
a ~
c ~ 000 ~ ~ ~ ~
W > .. :~: ~
~ 'l """ "
..
u i 0 WI 000 ~ WI ~~
~ 0 ~ 0 WI 0 N
~ -".. ..
Z !l Wi;;;; .. 0 a " ;; Vi;;
" "
<[ - I-
I- ~ I~
V') :; ..
"
1--< w ~ ! ~~ ~
1=1 ~ ~
c 3 I
~ c ' 'j~
; .. l' ~a
~\! ;! ii~ ~ ... 3
-' .... ~
~ ia _c ~ i
> ;: We a; ~~.. .. ..
~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~
i Ii ..~ 'f ! ~
Li!! h ~~ ~~I ~ ~ i
=~ h I!I '" ~
-f- --. -f- - - ,-
d ..
U .. ~ ~
~' - N " . " .. ~ : =
L~
>
"
j~
.
v.
~~
Q~
"g~
~~
"..
"
,~
.......
j;l~
~...
'0
<
Q~
. C
a~~
<;(~~
l1.'lJ
3-'
~
,,~~
u"
'"
:a
I~
<
~~
.... .....,
~ ~ ~
~ ac _
< 7 ~
l1. i,...
~ .:>
o
o
___,.)0
o
"
<
~;3
~ ~
. .
7
~
~
5'
"
~
o~
" .
U..
uU
or~
~g
~\
.~v
o
~
T -.-
AUG-30-94 rUE 10:51
ro-G:, 4+-0!
P,01
e/~/~1-
l.. [:;. t"'J l-r"' II'a : J. '
v : lw/\, r"' J........
:--.
Ij""" r'
V I ~ \ ~ i - _"C
S l' r.., (l, \ ;4, ~ ~/
'C!I'r- ___..... ~y
P A \.- I_c.'-
~1 c .
Q - '.
f (lc..C:..~;
,
Q'-' rJ~~
t.~tJ~~~.
..:; .' :, r. F It.e~,
~\ CI:; :,.u'':''l".\~
r <'1" F'
.., 1 .... . I~ fY')
(!.... e: ,..lTH,I..I~;i:
t-I wr, '1 ',:. "6.0 I IO\a.q'
~ ~ 15 _ , BL4~ gc ~D\J", ~, Tb K.;:,,, ';. e: Tc:l '-l",,,'~~
! I
r 14-.1 "--0 6 I" (L \ol-C\ IG 155-1.... To C"1":" i'-.~'~ ~
, I C~.~l
ll.:, L~.,.;~cl.!"'E: v-l \ \. D. (,~I; i~ ....1, ,:...;':>~ To ;J c 0~'<:.
~ ' I G-A- ~~..: r!. '?. ., -
:;), . ; 1'tl -~ ~ A \~.:.,'
t I
1'"1 'Zc~u.'\ r:.. ~ -icl 4 _ 10.5 i"'o ~~ \,)~ 'C i OS.\ "To )-\ <;l"'.:.~
.----
lCO e~___...~,;~l,. . ,~"';~"'~9 <c~ .D To H~\J"'~ I,O~.l.. 10 \..1 c;: "'..~
Ca 5.1' 1~ .1 t
ic c4- i.\ i.. -;.,:!::.: To &':'itAAI-
. \ --
~ , 1
~ "'\!.f~ .lr,.J '::;';.J "":C:l ~ tL 1~.~ ,0 ;.k' J'..,<, II' . Z. To j--\~\l~
."-.--...---
7671 Date
Fax 11
!
/
I
/
--.
~
~
r ,
-
~
-!
/i
{
,
o
o
o
o
In
eN
1"\
()
N\i /
r,,,-,, '( i \
'\ '-""" j i
, ----->
" "
'/ ''\
{ 1
~ j
'\ 3 \
" ! !
\ { (7
i '\ ' /
i \ /\
" \ \( ")
\ "" '-.; ;-
.,,' \ q /
g "1 (\j]V~
.0, l <\ "-~
: ....~'-- ~ '
: ~.:> (
: gi"""" .
: Q~"
M '-
\\
.-- {~
8 \l: -0-
o \:ll. 0
~_ '\~,. 0 .
..-....0. "..- eN I
.'.
o 0....
8 o'
..... 0
(3)-
...
.
I
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
I
I
.
.
I
I
'lfJ.'
,._.~.~
~ii ~
~,,_)''' d
. 0 v J)o
.. I ~-/ g
...... 2
L 0":""
o · 0-
I g ·
o 0
I ~-
r.-:
o
I
o
I
---1
i g
o 0
--
COlI
o
I
o
r---J
o
I
o
. <<
I
o
I
o -
....-.
o
o
o
tn-
M
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
,.......--------
I
,
,
o
o
o
.Q
.-.----
---
o
I
o
I
.
0.....
8 ..
at
T
.
Z
<:
..J
~
Z
o
~
~
o
~
(f)
Z
<:
i=
w
~
<:
..J
c=:
o
Q2
~
~
o
~
o
ClJ
r-
ClJ:E
<w
(.)r-
wClJ
c:>
oclJ
u..>
~~
u..c
u..<
~O
r-O:
::iC
_w
<(I)
cO
oQ.
~O
00:
NQ.
c:z
<0
w
>
~
~
C':
C':
'r'
AUG-30-94 rUE 10:51
P. 02
,~-r! :.;:.1
..,......~ ~~
..:iI#;g:.:
~f: I I 1 .j
.. ~ "-.-'"
SCOTT COUNTY
PROJECT INFORMATION
FOR THE PROPOSED IMPROVEMENT OF
COUNTY 5T A TE AID HIGHWAY 44
FROM ST. PAUL AVENUE TO THE EAST ern- LIMITS
PUBLIC INFORMATION MEETING
AUGUST 3, 1994
PROJECT LOCA T10N
Reconstruction of County State Aid Highway 44 (160th Street East) is proposed from
St. Paul Avenue to the East City Limits.
)0
s~
~ Q
11
...
...
%
'"
.l:
OCUHn Sf ~t
...
...
f
..
..
r.ROS SA ",URA ST
47,
Sf
PROJECT I
LOCA Tl ON I
A
'" ,-
~ ..
'I ~,
"
~ I ~I
,..
..
!:
..
r
WHY IS THE IMPROVEMENT BEING PROPOSED?
The proposed impicvement [s in iesponse to the current and anticipated traffic volumes
and the need to replace the existing pavement. Improved traffic capacity and safety are
the primary goals of the project.
AOG-30-94 rUE 10:52
P. 03
WHA T IS BEING PROPOSED?
· A 4~lane road. 52 feet wide, fram St. Paul Avenue to the East City Limits.
· A diviced median with left turn lanes at the intersection of Fish Point Road.
· A traffic signal will be installed at Fish Point Road.
. Acquisition of additional permanent right-of-way,
· An "urban" street design with concrete curb and gutter and storm sewer,
· A boulevard to provide for sidewalks on each side of the road. .
· The roadway is anticipated to be dosed to through traffic during con~tructioii.
Access to local properties will be maintained.
· The propcsed elevation of the roadway will be close to the existing with
differences in elevation of one to two feet maximum.
· The design speed is 40 MPH west of Fish Point Road and 45 MPH east of Fish
Point Road. However, the speed limit will be determined by the Minnesota
Departmer,t of Transportation upon completion of the project and a fierd study is
conducted.
WHEN WILL THE PROJECT OCCUR?
Right-of-Way Acquisition Process Begins
September, 1994
Final Roadway Plans and Specifications
November, 1994
State and City Review
November, 19941January, 1995
Advertise for Bids and Award Contract
February/March, 1995
Construction Begins
May, 1995
Construction Complete
November, 1995
WHO CAN YOU CONTACT W1TH CONCERNS AND CO~MENTS~
You can use a "Comment Sheet" or call Dan Jobe or Scott Merkley at
496~8346 ,
t
.
August 24, 1994
Dear Property Owner:
RE: CSAH44~~ROVE~ffiNTS
The Prior Lake City Council, on Tuesday, September 6, 1994, will discuss the proposed
improvements to CSAH 44. The proposed improvements include a four lane undivided roadway
with a sidewalk on the South side and bikeway on the North side. This meeting is a follow-up to
the information meeting which was conducted on August 3, 1994. County representatives will
be making a presentation to address the concerns raised at the August 3, 1994, meeting.
Prior to the meeting, Scott County personnel will install two laths by each property owner's
structure from T. H. 13 to Candy Cove Trail. One lath will depict the location of the proposed
sidewalk or trail, and the other the proposed right of way line.
The City Council will meet for a workshop at 6:00 P.M. at City Hall to review the proposed
plans, and from City Hall drive through the area to review the impact of the project.
The opportunity for public comment will be at the City Council meeting. The Council meeting
begins at 7:30 P.M. and this item will be one of the fIrst items to be discussed. A presentation of
the proposed improvement will be given, then public comments will be received by the Council.
The City Council's discussion of the proposed improvements will follow. After that the City
Council will be asked to make a determination if the City supports the proposed improvements.
If you have any questions, please feel free to call me.
Sincerely,
~~
LAlrf
QWNRLR,ENG
4629 Dakota St. S.E., Prior Lake, Minnesota 55372-1714 / Ph, (612) 447-4230 / Fax (612) 4474245
AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER
F1;.Rr dsrr-. 6~A6' cI .6;'
C'w/'l..Rr5 11()~ ~ c'/.)
P. ell
ATTENTION!
Proposed expansion to a 4-lane
highway of Co. Rd. 44 (160th
St.) from Hwy. 13 to east edge
of city limits by the Jr. High
School.
Public meeting with City
Council Members to be held
September 6, 1994 at 6:00 P~1
outside the cemetery grounds.
(Concerns: Safety, litter, property value, taxes)
.
!<~c~ ~/{!Jlq'l
,.
August 9, 1994
BI~RE
P~~ CITY HALL
4629 DAKOTA ST S E
PRIOR LAKE, MN 55372
The proposed County Road 44 project is going to cause a definite hardship for
the residents of 160th street. The area from Franklin Trail to Trunk Highway
13 is a residential area. In most cases the homes are close to the existing
two lane highway.
If this project is completed as outlined it will be 19 feet 8 inches from ~
house. This is unacceptable. I would constantly have people passing directly
in front of ~ diningroam.
Now the two lane highway is buffered by large (about 12 foot) pine trees that
act both as a sound and sight barrier.
It sounds as if the primary problem is where to channel the new Cardinal Ridge
residents. They could be channeled down 44 to Franklin Trail and use that as
an entrance to Highway 13. Please look into alternate plans.
Your projections on traffic volume seems a bit inflated. There has to be an
alternate route that would be satisfactory for all concerned or an alternate
plan that would not cause people to loose the limited property that they now
have.
The manner in which people were notified was alanming. There are eight units
in Lodgewood and only one letter was sent. This is very poor planning.
At the meeting on August 3rd we were informed by Scott County that this
project was approved and the purpose of the meeting was to inform us what was
going to happen to our property not to debate the validity of the project.
If this project is approved as planned it will sharply decrease the value of
~ property and make it almost impossible to sell.
Please take a long serious look at these plans and find an alternate route.
Thank you for your immediate attention to this matter.
Terry Caduff
5110 160th st. S E
Prior Lake, MN 55372
(612) 447-5007
..--
\~)~G
((~(J ~/J'z'iqLj
5130 160th St.
Prior Lake MN 55372
August 11, 1994
B~fuere
Pnor Lake City Hall
4629 Dakota ST S E
Prior Lake MN 55372
t9ere,
I am writing to inform you that I strongly object to the County Rd 44 project, As I am sure you
already know, the proposed project will widen the road from two lanes to four lanes with a bike
path. As a taxpayer and member of the community, I hope you will read this letter and take into
account all of my opinions and requests,
Upon completion of this project, I will be left with only 19ft 8in for a yard. I will also lose my
12ft row of trees. These trees serve as sound barriers and also enhance the appearance of my
property, I feel that the addtion of two more lanes will increase the amount of traffic, which in
turn will increase the noise level. So as you can see, my property will be greatly changed in both
appearance and function if this project goes through.
I would also like you to consider the current status of the County Rd 21 project. County Rd 21 is
already a 4 lane road. If I am not mistaken, County Rd 21 was to be a 4 lane all the way to
Interstate 35, Would not this be a better alternative to the County Rd 44 project? I feel 2 lanes
are and will continue to be sufficient for County Rd 21 with the addition of stop lights at the
intersections of Franklin Tr. and Fish Point Rd and a lower speed limit of35 mph up to Fish Point
Rd. Have you considered all possible alternatives?
I would like to make several other points. If this project is passed, I want to have separate
assessments before and after the work is done, I say separate meaning assessments done by an
independent firm, not the county assessment. This would be a second, un-biased opinion of the
value of my property, I would also like in writing if there are water problems after any
landscaping is done. There has never been a water problem in the eleven years I have lived here,
so if a problem were to arise, I would not be held responsible.
Here is one final note. I have been a resident and tax-payer of Prior Lake for more than ten years,
and I was never informed of this project and the meeting that was held to discuss this project. I
had to learn of these things from my neighbor, There are eight townhouses in this complex, and
only one resident was notified of the proposed County Rd 44 project and meeting. I feel I should
have been also informed. I do thank you for taking the time to read this letter and considering
everything I have said, As temporary city planner, I would ask you to vote "NO" on this project.
S~elY,
f/~~/I~
pa~:-~
..
.